Distinction between Emperor and other types of monarch
Each kings and emperors come monarchs. No la single rule to distinguish a 1 from either either a more: many factors, prefer interpretations of historiographer, a size & characteristics of a governed realm, & a title(s) chosen per monarch play a role within distinguishing the one from the more. General characteristics indicating that the monarch is to become considered an emperor like than the king include: the monarch chose a title that commonly translates when "emperor" inside English, and/or is accepted when a same of "emperor" around international diplomatic relations; A monarch system across more monarchs, forgoing stripping monarchy-related titles from either these cases ("vassals" or non-sovereign monarchs); A monarch assumes divine or even more high-ranked religious characteristics (watch: imperial cult, caesaropapism); A monarch system many erst sovereign countries, or even even peoples from either different nations or ethnic cradle.

In which a title chosen per monarch has be a separate conception in the English language, the distinction whether this monarch would own been an "emperor" or the "king" is typically there is no hanker processed: e.g. caliph, sultan or khan as a concept of a nature and severity of monarch is ordinarily defined severally, making it redundant to use the emperor/king distinction to these types of monarchy.

Imperium maius

Around Christian Europe a utilize of the title emperor is to a higher degree an affectedness. a king recognises that the church is an peer or even superior in the religious sphere, emperors don't. This was illustrated by Henry VIII of England who started to apply a word imperium in his dispute with a Pope over his first divorcement. By stating that it were emperors a Russian Tsars claimed to be a head of the (Russian Orthodox) church & did non recognise any superior authority however God.

Historical development
Europe
Roman Tradition
within the Roman tradition the big kind in the meaning & importance of the Majestic form of monarchy developed: in intention it was universally the greatest professional, however it may too fall down to a redundant title for nobility that got never been nigh to the "Empire" it were supposed to become reigning. Too a title of the professional split within many branches of American tradition, view part on the Origin of the Western terminology below.

Importance & meaning of Coronation ceremonies and regalia also varied within a tradition: e.g. Holy Roman Emperors could only exist as crowned emperor per pope, which meant a enthronisation ceremony commonly took place around Rome, typically many years when these emperors experienced ascended to the potty (when "king") in their house united states. A foremost Latin Emperors of Constantinople on a other hand had to exist as present in the recently conquered capital of their Empire, because that was the just place in which it can be granted to turn into Emperor.

Early Roman Emperors on the other hand avoided any nature and severity of ceremony or even regalia different from either what was already common for republican agents in the Roman Republic: a virtually all intrusive vary experienced been changing the color of their robe to purple. Late freshly symbols of worldly and/or spiritual power, such as a orb became an essential part of the Majestic accessories.

System for indicating successors likewise varied: there was the tendency towards male inheritance of the supreme professional, however too election by noblemen, when ruling Empresses (for empires non too strictly under salic law) are known. Ruling monarchs may in addition steer a succession by adoption, every bit typically occurred in the both 1st centuries of Imperial Rome. Course, intrigue, execution & military group can too mingle within for appointing successors, a Roman Imperial tradition manufactured there is no exception to more monarchical traditions therein respect. Probably a epoch better known for this a share of the Regal tradition is Rome's third century

Roman Emperors
Ancient Rome - origin of Western terminology
Once Republican Rome turned into a monarchy again, in a second half of the First century BC, initially there was there are no title for the title of the freshly nature and severity of monarch: ancient Romans abhorred the title Rex ("king"), and after Julius Caesar also Dictator (which was an acknowledged office in Republican Rome, Julius Caesar not being the first to hold it).

In point of fact Caesar Augustus, who may be considered a 1st Roman Emperor, avoided to name himself anything that can be reminding of "monarchy" or even "dictature". Instead, these number one Emperors constructed their professional as a complicated collection of agents, titles, & honours, that were consolidated in a area of one human & his nighest relatives (when in the republic the "taking of turns", typically around divided agents, got been a principle for passing in power). These early Roman emperors didn't require the specific title for their monarchy: it experienced plenty agents & powers accumulated and then that in any field of power it were "unsurpassable", & besides: everybody good knew it experienced supreme power. Whenever required that supreme power can be demonstrated by the proces for even high treason, exile, poisoning, or whatever, for victims world health organization gave semblance does'nt to read.

When a number one Roman Emperors did non rule by virtue of any particular republican or even senatorial professional, a title given to the professional of "head of state" in this new monarchical form of government became different depending in tradition, none one traditions consolidated in the early times of the Roman Empire: Princeps (as, for instance, around Tacitus' Annals). This tradition did non prove my point. An echo may be detected inside Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince, where "Prince" is utilized as a generic title for "monarch", & late in the foremost dynasties of Imperial monarchs of ancient Rome existence known as principate by historians. This title for the Roman monarch appears to last back to the professional of Princeps senatus (which can be translated when "president of the senate"), an professional since Augustus held only per reigning monarch. Caesar (as, for instance, around Suetonius' Twelve Caesars). This tradition continued inside numerous languages: inside German it became "Kaiser"; in certain Slavic languages it became "Tsar"; in Hungarian it became "Császár", and many other variants. A title from either Julius Caesar's cognomen "Caesar": this cognomen was adopted by all Roman emperors, alone per reigning monarch when a Julio-Claudian dynasty had died out. Therein tradition Julius Caesar is every now and again described when a number 1 Caesar/emperor (as a result Suetonius). Augustus was the honorific first bestowed on Emperor Augustus: fallowing him completely Roman emperors added it to their title. Although it experienced the high symbolic value, something rather "akin to divinity", it was typically non wont to show a professional of Emperor itself. Exceptions include a title of the Augustan History, a half-mockumentary life of the Emperors of the 2d & 3rd century. Augustus got (by his previous might) granted a femimin form of this honorific (Augusta) to his wife. Since there was there is no "title" of Empress(-consort) whatsoever, women of a ruling dynasty sought to become granted this honorific, when the greatest come-at-able goal. Couple were completely a same granted the title, & sure as shooting non as a rule all wives of ruling Emperors. Imperator (as, e.g., within Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia). In the Roman Republic Imperator meant "(military) commander". In the late Republic Imperator was a title granted to Roman generals by their troops & the Roman Senate after a great victory, about like to field marshal. This title, inside the period of the Republic, got been given to population septet days inside the least: around Ninety BC to a Caius Julius Caesar, inside 84 BC to Cneus Pompeus, inside Sixty BC to the further, best known, Caius Julius Caesar, relative of the previous, inside Fifty BC to Marcus Tullius Cicero, around 45 BC once more to Caius Julius Caesar, in 44 BC to Marcus Iunius Brutus, & in 41 BC to Lucius Antonius (relative & ally of the more celebrated Marcus Antonius). Before long fallowing a emergence of the imperial monarchy around Rome "Imperator" too became an exclusive title, adopted per reigning monarch. This led to "Emperor" around English and, among other examples, "Empereur" around French. A Latin feminine form Imperatrix only developed after "Imperator" got gotten a connotation of "Emperor". ("basileus", until then a common title for "king"). "Autokratôr" could be seen as a translation of the Latin "Imperator" (it wasFor sure utilized when its replacement inside Greek-speaking a portion of a Roman Empire), however likewise on this text there exists exclusively unfair overlap between the meaning of the original Greek & Latin construct. For the Greeks "Autokratôr" was non the military title, & was nearer to the Latin dictator construct ("the one with unlimited power"), prior to it come to mean Emperor. Basileus appears does'nt to use been utilized in a meaning of Emperor prior to the 7th century.

Fallowing a problematic year 69, the Flavian Dynasty reigned for about half the century. A future Nervan-Antonian Dynasty, ruling for most of the 2nd century, stabilised the Empire. This epoch became called a era of the Five Good Emperors, and was followed per short-transitory Severan Dynasty.

In the 3rd century Barracks Emperors succeeded one an additional at short intervals. A next time period, called a Dominate, started sustaining a Tetrarchy installed by Diocletian.

Across virtually all of the 4th century, there were separate emperors for the Western and Eastern part of the Empire. Although there were many dynastic relations between a Emperors of each area, it likewise typically were antagonist. the endure Emperor to rule a unified Roman Empire was Theodosius. To the lesser degree a century after his death in 395, the endure Emperor of the American half of the Empire was caused out.

The Eastern Emperors after 476
Byzantine Emperors

Historiographer typically call for a eastern a portion of a Roman Empire the Byzantine Empire due to its capital Constantinople, whose ancient name was Byzantium (now Istanbul). When a fall of Rome to barbarian forces in 476, the title of "emperor" lived within in rulers of Constantinople (New Rome).

A Byzantine Emperors completed a transition from either a idea of the Emperor as a semi-republican official to the Emperor as a traditional monarch while Emperor Heraclius took the title of Basileus (the original Greek word for "King") in the seventh century. The specifically Byzantine development of emperor's position was cesaropapism, position as leader of christians.

A Byzantium produced too trio ruling empresses: Irene, Zoe, and Theodora.

Latin Emperors
Around 1204, the Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople, and presently established the Latin Empire of Constantinople under one of the Crusader leaders. A Latin Empire was, all the same, unable to consolidate control of the whole of the previous territories of the Byzantine Empire. Caused away from Constantinople around 1261 occasionally territories in Greece however recognized their authority for some instance. Yet, a Purple title became redundant & did non possibly contribute any yearn to the prestigiousness of the noblemen inside their have united states: it remained inactive in 1383.

Byzantine Emperors after the 4th Crusade
Inside Asia Minor, when existence caused away from Constantinople, relations of a survive pre-Crusader emperors established the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond. Likewise, a Despotate of Epirus was founded in the Western Balkans (a rulers of the latter took the title of Emperor for a short instance as a result their conquest of Thessalonica two or three decades late).

One of these days, a Nicaean Emperors were successful around reclaiming a Byzantine purple title. It managed to click Epirus into submission & retake Constantinople by 1261, but Trebizond remained independent. A restored Byzantium eventually fell due to Ottoman invasion in 1453. A Trapezuntines held on until 1461.

Revival of the title in the Western part of Europe
Charlemagne and his heirs
In 25 December , 800, Charles I, King of the Franks, was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome. This was seen as a revival of the Western Roman Empire, and descendent of Charlemagne continued to become crowned inside Rome through the 9th century. the increasing divisions inside a Frankish lands, yet, led to a suspension of the professional.

Holy Roman Emperors
.

Fallowing a 13th century & a fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, a universalistic aspirations of the Emperors became progressively theoretical, & their control across Italy, however seen when the locus of the proper empire, became progressively tenuous. Like than existence hereditary, emperors were chosen per prince-electors, in the run codified per Golden Bull of 1356.

Enthronization withwithin Rome became rarer & rarer, until in 1508, King Maximilian I, after receiving permission from either a pope, declared himself Emperor-Elect forgoing with been crowned inside Rome. Although Maximilian's grandson & successor, Charles V, was crowned in Bologna in 1529 by a Pope, he was the endure, & thenceforth the position of Holy Roman Emperor was a entirely German post until the Empire's dissolution around August 6, 1806.

Potentially inside Germany itself, rattling control wwhen progressively tenuous, as various local princes increased their power, and so that a Habsburg emperors who ruled nearly day and night from either 1438 until the prevent of the empire derived their power tremendously other from either either their hereditary lands south-eastern a portion of the monarchy than from their position when emperor. When religious differences added to the tensions, compromise was required (Peace of Augsburg, 1555). A Habsburg dynasty attempted to reassert authority over a Empire in the Thirty Years War, which ended with a Peace of Westphalia (1648) that recognized princes sort of crowned head instead of dependant.

A impotence of the Emperors' position became virtually all nakedly apparent in a period of the brief reign of Charles VII from 1742 to 1745. When Duke of Bavaria, Charles was the exclusively non-Habsburg emperor for the previous 300 fifty years of the empire's being, & his utter inability potentially to protect his have hereditary lands from either a forces of his enemy, Maria Theresa, a Habsburg inheritrix, showed how else empty the position of Holy Roman Emperor experienced be.

A conquests of a French radical armies in the 1790s mass produced the Empire itself indefensible, and then that Emperor Francis II in 1804 took the title of Emperor of Austria (see in a image below), & at long last, allowed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire two or three years late.

Overview

Austria
In 11 August , 1804 anticipating the eventual collapse of the Holy Roman Empire at the behest of Napoleon I personally, Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire assumed the extra title of Emperor of Austria (when Francis I personally thereof). the precaution was a caring a single, because 2 years after August 6 1806 he was obliged to proclaim a dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

Emperor Karl of Austria, the previous ruling hereditary monarch in this united states, "relinquished every participation in the administration of the State" on November 11 1918.

Bulgaria
Inside 913, Bulgarian king Simeon I crowned himself "Emperor and Autocrat of all the Bulgars and Greeks" resulting a triumph all over the Byzantines. His successors held in to the title Tsar until the conquest of Bulgaria per Byzantines inside 1018. Inside 1186, Bulgaria once more achieved independence, & its rulers again took a style of Tzar, which it held until 1396 when Bulgaria fell to the invading Ottoman Empire. A title was once again revived from either 1908 to 1946. Simeon II, a go tzar, abdicated & the monarchy was abolished.

A title of the modern Bulgarian tzar is ofttimes translated into English when king.

France
(Empire Français).

Napolein relinquished a title of Emperor of the French on 6 April and again in April 11, 1814, but was allowed to style himself Emperor of Elba, the island of his foremost exile. Fallowing his attempted restoration and defeat in 1815 he was stripped of even that usage in the period of his 2nd exile.

His nephew Napoleon III resurrected the title in December 2, 1852 after establishing the Second French Empire in a presidential coup, and misplaced it whilst he was deposed in September 4, 1870 by the Third Republic. It has non been utilized around France since then.

Germany
As a consequence triumph when a Franco-Prussian war and the institution of the German Empire, the Prussian king had himself crowned German Emperor when Wilhelm I on January 18 1871, as a share of a competition by using the Emperor of Austria for dominance in the German-speaking lands. By using defeats within World War I and revolution breaking out, Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November 1918 and a republic was established.

Russia
Around 1472, the endure Byzantine emperor's niece, Sophia Paleologue, married Ivan III, grand duke of Moscow, who began championing a idea of Russia existence a successor to the Byzantine Empire. Their grandson Ivan IV crowned himself tsar in 16 January, 1547.

In 31 October , 1721 Peter I was crowned emperor as well. He depending his claim part upon the letter found within 1717 written in 1514 from Maximilian I to Vasili III, Sophia's son & Ivan IV's father, where a Holy Roman Emperor utilized a term around on to Vasili. A title has non been utilized within Russia since the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II on 15 March, 1917.

Imperial Russia produced four regnant empresses, beat the eighteenth century.

Serbia
When the series of triumph against his neighbors, Serbian king Stefan Uros IV proclaimed himself "Tsar and Autocrat of Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Albanians" around 1346. His boy, Stefan Uros V, was unable to retain a empire. When his demise within 1371, no Serb monarch would apply a title Czar.

Spain
King Sancho III of Navarre declared himself emperor of Spain in 1034. His boy, Ferdinand I of Castile also took the title within 1039. Ferdinand's boy, Alfonso VI of Castile took the title within 1077. Alfonso VI's grandson, Alfonso VII was the merely a single world health organization actually experienced an regal investiture inside 1135. A title was non exactly hereditary however self proclamations by people that experienced, completely or even part, united Christian (northern) Spain typically at a expense of killing rival sib. A popes & Holy Roman emperors protested at a usage of the purple title as a usurpation of leadership inside american Christendom. Fallowing Alfonso VII's dying inside 1157, the title was abandoned.

British Emperors and Empresses
In the late 3rd century, by the prevent of the epoch of the barracks emperors inside Rome, there were deuce Britannic Emperors, reigning for about the decade.

England

King William I of England thought it important sufficiency to asking & become the Apostolical blessing for his conquest of England. Throughout a high Middle Ages a English kings recognised a mastery of the Pope around matter negro spiritual. For instance, whenever Thomas à Becket was murdered, King Henry II of England was forced to recognise that, although he ruled temporal matters, spiritual matters came under a authority of the Church inside Rome.

This changed sustaining a dispute between Henry VIII of England and Pope Clement VII over Henry's wish to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. A Act in restraint of Appeals (1533) explicitly stated that A next season a Work of Domination (1534) explicitly attached a head of church to the regal crown: A an Work per Irish Parliament around 1541 (efficacious 1542) changed a traditional title utilized per Monarchs of England for the reign across Ireland, from either Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland and naming Henry head of the Church of Ireland, for similar reasons.

When you took a English Interregnum these laws were annulled, but a acts which caused the laws to exist as within suspension were themselves, deemed to exist as void & void per Parliaments of the English Restoration, so by work of Parliament The Crown of Engl& and (late a British and UK crowns) come regal crowns.

Britain

Around 1801 when Great Britain was united with a Kingdom of Ireland, it was proposed that George III become Emperor of the British and Hanoverian Dominions, and so Emperor of the British Empire. George III nonetheless rejected a idea, favouring a traditional title of king.

Whenever the royal marriage manufactured it perceptible to the British around 1877 that their Queen Victoria would be outranked by her own daughter who would someday become German Empress, a British government led by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, conferred the extra title Empress of India by an Act of Parliament. That title was relinquished by George VI with effect from either August 15 1947, when India was granted independence.

A Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 in which it was agreed that a United Kingdom & a dominions were "equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations". This effectively along using a Statute of Westminster, 1931 marked a beginning of a prevent of the British Empire & placed the basis for the continuing relationship between the Commonwealth Realms and the structure of The Crown.

The Americas

Brazil
Brazil declared independence from Portugal in 1822, and manufactured Dom Pedro, eldest boy of the so-King of Portugal, world health organization wwhen acting as regent, Emperor as Pedro I personally in 12 October. A empire come to an prevent sustaining a overthrow of Emperor Pedro II in 1889.

Haiti
Haiti was declared an empire by its ruler, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who processed himself Jacques We, inside 20 May, 1805. He was assassinated a next month. Haiti once more became an empire from either 1849 to 1859 under Faustin Soulouque.

Mexico
, but was overthrown a next season.

Around 1863, the incursive French, around alliance sustaining Mexican conservativist, proclaimed an empire & invited Archduke Maximilian, younger brother of the Austrian Emperor, to turn into emperor when Maximilian I personally. A childless Maximilian besides adopted Agustín's grandson when his heir to bolster his claim. Fallowing a withdrawal of French protection within 1867, Maximilian was captured and executed by liberal forces.

Africa

Central African Empire
Inside 1976, president Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Central African Republic, proclaimed a united states to exist as the Central African Empire, and manufactured himself Emperor when Bokassa I personally. A expenses of his enthronement ceremony actually bankrupted a united states, & he was overthrown iii years late, & a republic restored.

Ethiopia
Around Ethiopia, the Solomonid dynasty used, beginning in 1270, the title of "Negus Negust" which besides translates to Emperor & is literally "King of Kings". A apply of the king of kings style will even so already use at times began the millenium earliest in that region. A second title utilized by this dynasty was "Itegue Zetopia".

"Itegue" translates when Empress, & was too utilized per lone female regnant Empress, Zauditu, along with a official title Negiste Negest (Queen of Kings).

Around 1936, the Italian king Victor Emmanuel III took the title of Emperor of Ethiopia when that country was under Italian occupation. Fallowing a kill of the Italians per British (1941), Haile Selassie was restored to the throne however Victor Emmanuel did non relinquish his claim to the title until 1943.

Haile Selassie was a uncommon lesson of an Emperor using a few kind of godhead status when a second world war, see rastafari. He was deposed around 1974, a Purple title ending the next seaboy after his son, world health organization experienced succeeded him, was deposed & exiled.

Asia

China
Qin tradition
, abolishing a formulas in which the huang/di titles were reserved to dead and/or mythical rulers.

A majestic title continued inside China until the Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1912. A title was briefly revived from either December 12, 1915 to March 22, 1916 by President Yuan Shikai and againside in early July , 1917 when General Zhang Xun attempted to restore last Qing emperor Puyi to the throne. Puyi retained a title & attributes of Emperor, as a private status, until 1924.

Generally, an emperor would develop of these empress (Huanghou, 皇后) at once, although posthumous entitlement to empress for the concubine were not rare. A earliest known usage of empress was in the Han Dynasty. A emperor would typically choose a empress from either his harem. Within subsequent dynasties, after a distinction between married woman & doxy became thomas more accentuated, a crown prince would have chosen an empress-designate prior to his reign. Imperial China produced only a single ruling empress, Wu Zetian, and she utilized a equivalent Chinese title as an emperor (Huangdi, 皇帝).

Manchuria
A Khitan Empire was founded in this regiin on 907. It were overthrown per Jurchen Jin Empire (1115-1234) which was in turn conquered by Mongol armies. Within 1616, Ming China's Jurchen vassal, Nurhaci, rebelled and crowned himself emperor of the renamed Manchus. His successors, a Qing dynasty, conquered China in 1644 and reigned until revolution toppled them within 1912. Fallowing a Japanese occupied Manchuria in 1931, they proclaimed it to exist as a Empire of Manchukuo, and Puyi, the endure Qing emperor of China, became puppet emperor. This pupet regime come to an prevent sustaining a Japanese kill around 1945.

Mongol Emperors of the Yuan dynasty
A title Khagan (khan of khans or grand khan) was held by Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire in 1206. Whenever a empire was partitioned, a Yuan dynasty khans in China (in which it likewise took a native title huangdi) were nominal rulers of the totally Mongol realm. When existence overthrown, a Yuan fled back to Mongolia and were subsequently known to historiographer when a Northern Yuan. It saved their title of Grand Khan until a Manchu emperor Hong Taiji forced them to surrender it within 1634.

Simply a Yuan Emperors of China between 1279 and 1368 are normally known as Emperors around English.

Japan
). Around many eras, the high-priestly role of the monarch has possibly been predominant, using a those days are gone than formal lay role.

Japanese monarchs set themselves from either 607 on equal footing with Chinese emperors within titular & too took a Chinese style "Son of Heaven". In the Japanese language, mikado is restricted to Japan's have monarch. Koutei (皇帝) is utilized of foreign emperors. Typically inside Japan, retired emperors have saved efficacious power above the kid-emperor. At equivalent or even more days, the Shogun or Regent has wielded effective power.

Fallowing World War II, "Son of Heaven" & wholly more claims of divinity were dropped (understand Ningen-sengen). Parliamentary government has wielded the power, reducing a professional of emperor once again to a mere ceremonial work. Per prevent of the 20th century Japan was the sole (really) united states using an emperor on the potty.

In the early 21st century, Japan is under the Salic Law preventing female succession, but looking for to abandon that rule. Inside sooner days, Japan has got eight regnant empresses world health organization utilized a in essence unigender title "Tenno" on top a female consort title kōgō (皇后) or even chugu.

Although todays Japanese law prohibits female succession, wholly Japanese emperors trace their lineage to a supreme immortal around Shinto religion, Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess.

Korea
A few early legendary dynasties used the title tanje which is translated when "emperor under the birch". A Bohai (669-926), which ruled parts of northern Korea & Manchuria utilized hwangje (huangdi).

Rulers of a Koryo/Goryo dynasty (from either Guangjong, a 2nd ruler of a dynasty, forward) took the title of emperor as a means of enhancing the prestigiousness of the monarchy. A title was stripped in a 13th century, notwithstanding, when a surrender to the Mongols & the Korean rulers were demoted to kings thenceforth &, intrinsically, liege subject of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty of China.

As punishment a Chinese kill by Japan around 1895, Korea declared total independence from either China (watch Treaty of Shimonoseki) and King Gojong took the title of Taehan Hwangje, translated when Emperor of Greater Korea. A empire come to an prevent by using Japanese annexation inside 1910.

Vietnam
Although a Vietnamese rulers acknowledged a mastery of China, & were known to the Chinese emperors when just King of Annam, domestically they took within the to the full Chinese-style royal regalia in 1806, and come ordinarily known as emperors within English. Axis-occupied Vietnam was declared an empire by the Japanese within March 1945. A line of emperors come to an prevent by using Bao Dai, who wwhen deposed fallowing a war, although he late served as head of state of South Vietnam from 1949 to 1955.

Persian tradition
Iran
Around Persia (or Iran), from a period of the Cyrus the Great, Persian rulers used a title Shahanshah which is sometimes translated when emperor & is literally "King of Kings". Persians were founders of one of a earliest & big empires of the globe, extending from either India to Greece & Libya. Alexander the Great probably crowned himself shahanshah after conquering Persia. A previous Shahanshah abdicated in 1979, when Iran became the republic. Around English, a Shahnshah title is unremarkably translated when "King" for ancient rulers of the Achaemenid, Arsacid, and Sassanid dynasties, and is shortened to "Shah" for rulers since a Safavid dynasty in the 16th century.

Ottoman Emperors
Ottoman rulers held the title Padishah, equivalent to the Persian shahanshah. When conquering a Byzantine Empire in 1453, Mehmed II also took the title of Roman emperor. Although within English a Ottoman rulers come usually known per Turkish title Grand turk, their titles of Padishah & Emperor would remawithin among a lists of titles carried per Ottoman grand turk until a monarchy was abolished in 1922.

India and Pakistan
A bit of Indian monarchs held the uncommon title Maharajadhiraja (Nifty King of Kings) however because it wwhen treated as subordinate under a Mughals and a British, these are ordinarily non considered imperial. A Mughal Emperors (1526-1857) held the title Badshah (padishah). A potty became vacant fallowing Bahadur Shah II was unseated by the British.

For the episode from either 1877 to 1947 when British Emperors and Empresses ruled inside India, view above. Note that Queen Victoria was the lone regnant empress of India.

In the vale of Swat (in modern Pakistan), Miangul Golshahzada Abdul Wadud titled himself badshah in 1918. Within 1926, he was granted recognition of authority over Swat per British reciprocally for ingesting a lesser title of wali.

Afghanistan
Ahmad Shah founded the Durrani Empire in 1747 with the title Padshah. A Sadozai were overthrown in 1823 but there was a brief restoration by Shoja Shah in 1839. A title went inactive fallowing his assassination within 1842 until 1926 when Amanullah Khan resurrected it. A title was eventually entomb using a abdication of Mohammed Zahir Shah in 1973 following a coup.

Afghan padshah is commonly translated into English when king.

Pre-Columbian American traditions
Aztec Emperors
A exclusively pre-Columbian North American rulers to become normally known as emperors were a Hueyi Tlatoani of the Aztec Empire (1375-1521). Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés slew Emperor Cuauhtémoc and installed puppet emperors who became liegeman for Spain. Mexican Emperor Maximilian built his palace over a ruins of the Aztec 1 at Chapultepec.

Inca Emperors
A sole pre-Columbian South Western rulers to exist as normally known as emperors were a Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire (1438-1533). Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, a second cousin of Hernán Cortés, conquered a Inca for Spain, flushed Emperor Atahualpa, and installed puppets too.

Other traditions

Lists of emperors
Emperors of traditional empires
Ancient empires
Persian Empire (559 BC–330 BC) - see List of kings of Persia Empire of Alexander the Great (334 BC–281 BC) Mauryan Empire (321 BC–185 BC) - see Mauryan dynasty Chinese Empire (221 BC–1911) - see Table of Chinese monarchs Roman Empire (27 BC–476) - see List of Roman Emperors

Medieval empires
Holy Roman Empire (800 and 962–1806) - see List of Holy Roman Emperors Byzantine Empire (395–1453) - see List of Byzantine Emperors Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204 - 1261, with a title of (Latin) "Emperor of Constantinople" continuing to 1383) Empire of Nicaea (1204-1261) - "Byzantine Empire" in exile when you took a rule of the "Latin Empire" all over Constantinople. Empire of Trebizond (1204-1461) - Other split of the "Byzantine Empire" Despotate of Epirus (1204-1359) - Despot Theodore Ducas emperor from 1227-1230 The foremost ruler of Vietnam to take a title of Emperor (Hoang De) was a founder of the Dinh Dynasty, Dinh Bo Linh, in the season AD 966. - view List of Vietnamese dynasties Empire of Ethiopia (1270–1975) - see List of Emperors of Ethiopia Aztec Empire (1375–1521) - see Hueyi Tlatoani Inca Empire (1438–1533) - see Sapa Inca Mongol Empire (1206–1634) - see List of Mongol Khans Persian Empire (Iran) (1501–1979) - see List of kings of Persia Mughal Empire (1526–1857) - see List of Mughal emperors Ottoman Empire (1299–1922) - see Osmanli

Newer empires
Austrian Empire, 1804–1867 and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867–1918 (both under a Habsburgs) Empire of Brazil (Peter I, 1822–1831 and Peter II, 1831–1889) French Empire (Napoleon I, 1804–1814 and Napoleon III, 1852–1870) German Empire (under the Hohenzollerns, 1871–1918) India (under the British Raj with British Monarch as Emperor of India, 1876–1947) Russian Empire (under the Romanovs, 1721–1917) Korean Empire (Gojong, 1897–1907 and Sunjong, 1907–1910)

Emperors of short-lived 'empires'
Emperor Jacques I of the Empire of Haiti (1804–1806) Emperor Augustin of the first Mexican Empire (1822–1823) Emperor Faustin I of the Empire of Haiti (1847–1859) Emperor Maximilian of the second Mexican Empire (1864–1867) Emperor Sylvain I of the Empire of Haiti (1868–1870, not confirmed [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Haiti/haiti5.htm]) Emperor Hongxian of China (1915–1916) Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire (1976–1979)

Self-proclaimed emperors
Emperor Norton I of the United States (1859–1880)

Fictional emperors
Notes